The Difficulty with Defining Feminism Essay - 788 Words

The Difficulty with Defining Feminism In Feminist Theory: from margin to center, bell hook states on the first page what she believes to be the problem with feminism. In her opinion the biggest problem with feminism is that there is no real definition of what feminism is. The definition many people have formulated for feminism is having the goal of making woman socially equal to men. hook’s problem with this is the fact that all men are not socially equal. If women are to be the social equals to men then another question would be which men women will be socially equal to. While many white middle and upper class women accept this definition, the lower socioeconomic classes can not because it does not take race and its disadvantages†¦show more content†¦This statement interested me because it made me begin to think about how she would want to organize feminists around the world. If she believes that society will not accept an organization that is trying to start a transformation, then how will she go about taking action? It seems to me that a transformation is the eventual goal that hook would want to reach. My question to her would be, â€Å"what ideas do you have about how to go about reaching a goal through feminism that society is not willing to accept?† Throughout the reading I thoroughly agreed with what she was saying but this issue was the only one that seemed to be left open. This issue was one of the most important because it is the course feminism needs to take to reach the long term goal of social equality. While I am left with this question after the reading I believe her real goal in writing this piece was to make women aware of the current problems with feminism, leaving alone the goals for the future. She seems to be trying to take the first step in the right direction rather than throw everything out on the table right away. This brings up the question, â€Å"What is the most effective way to reach the audience? My personal preference in readings is to have everything out there for me to look at. On the other hand, hook seems to have found a productive way of making people more aware first. I would be interested to read later writings by hook to see the way she moves into otherShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Book Herland By Charlotte Perkins Gilman911 Words   |  4 Pagesmagazines and articles. The full story didn’t get released and become popular until the early 1970’s. This was almost thirty-five years after Gilman had passed away. The feminist movement helped to share this story and make it as popular as it is today. Feminism didn’t start to get big until the 1960’s or 1970’s when people started the feminist movement. With this movement women were seeking equality everywhere. Men thought that they were the â€Å"dominant† gender and women were inferior in everything they didRead MoreFeminist Making A Great Change For The Family936 Words   |  4 Pageschange for the family, the author emphasizes family affected by feminist are the most and it makes female’s status and thinking style has dramatic change compare to different eras. Author s objective is let people understand that pros and cons of feminism families in the study, and also use horizontal and vertical analysis the survey data to treat feminist trend critically. The author particularly considers about several aspects that are accomplish feminist change family style in different erasRead MoreEssay on War Against Boys in Society1566 Words   |  7 PagesWar Against Boys in Society It is a bad time to be a boy in America. As the new millennium began, the defining event for American girls was the triumph of the U.S. women’s soccer team. For boys, the major event was the mass killing at Columbine High School. It would seem that boys in our society face great difficulties and risks as they grow up. Yet the best-known studies and the academic experts are telling us that it is girls who are suffering from a decline in self-esteem. The expertsRead MoreAnalysis Of The Revolt Of Mother By Michael Grimwood1679 Words   |  7 Pagesemasculation and if this could be an outcome of feminism. Mary Wilkins’ â€Å"The Revolt of Mother† has become a prime example used for this very case according to Michael Grimwood. Grimwood’s journal article delves deep into masculinity and femininity, gender roles and architecture. The author explains how many have used Wilkins’ work as a case for modern feminism; however, he reputes this by using h er autobiography as a source demonstrating that it isn’t feminism that drives â€Å"Mother† to revolt but â€Å"lost patriarchy†Read MoreThe Master-Servant Dialectic of Hegel734 Words   |  3 Pagesinherent, fixed identity. Ones identity is always defined against the supposed polar opposite. The master and slave are dependent upon one another for their identities. Hegels reasoning seems sound, even when applied to contemporary issues like feminism. A good example of this is manifested in the fact that the notion of masculinity is meaningless without a constructed notion of femininity. According to the feminist Simone de Beauvoir, the situation of women is comparable to the condition of theRead MoreCriminology And The Social Theory Essay1726 Words   |  7 Pagesto look at criminal behaviour in a micro sense as ‘an intricate understanding of crime initiates thorough conceptualisation of people and wider society in relation to crime.’ Due to the nature of criminology as a study, there comes a problem with defining what crime itself is. The ‘father of criminology’ Lombroso was recognised as having a stream of thought known as ‘The Lombrosian Project’. This method of approach highlighted the need to examine characteristics of ‘criminals’ and ‘non-criminals’Read MoreBlack Female And Social Work1574 Words   |  7 Pagesthat anxious children are cared for properly and have their essentials met, so they can grow to become joyful and well attuned grownups. Feminism is to define and establish the same civil rights and liberties in political, personal, social and economical rights for women that involve equal opportunities for females in education and employment. Black feminism is a believe that claims that gender identity and racism are inseparably destined together. Black women in America moved forward because theyRead MoreThe Second Sex!1578 Words   |  7 PagesThe Feminist Movement (also known as The Women’s Liberation movement) is a social movement organized around the belief that both men and women are equal in every way. The role of feminism in the 20th century changed the lives of many women, opening new doors to greater opportunities such has: jobs, education, and empowerment. Many achievements and organizations were a success in bringing a new role into society for women all over. However, the battle that seems to keep reappearing over time is theRead MoreFeminism Essay1633 Words   |  7 Pagesof gender difference, a s well as nature/culture dichotomies, inform meaning and the production of geographical knowledge. Geographers use poststructuralist and feminist ideas in order to study human environment, society and geogrpahical space. Feminism and poststructuralism encourage us to question the set of assumptions and socially constructed meanings that give rise to knowledge claims. Poststructuralism is a popular critique that challenges our representation between relationship and realityRead MoreThe Power of Self Definition in Feminism of the African Diaspora1853 Words   |  8 PagesIt is generally believed that feminism originated in the West, for over time, it has assumed the role of ‘science’ (Mangena, 2003). As a science, western feminism insists that it should be adopted by women all over the globe and used to deal with their specific and foundational problems. However, women of the African diaspora have come to deny such universality and define their own struggle. Uprooted from their motherland and sent to lands in Latin America and the United States, Black women experience

Assessment Of Content Knowledge Growth - 1088 Words

assessment of content knowledge growth Children cannot be labeled like pieces of garments; one size does not fit all. Each student who enters the classroom is uniquely made. They come with their own background, intelligence and/ or skill set. The strengths of one student may be the weakness of another. Those factors combined should influence any teacher to make the necessary adjustments to lesson in order to ensure all students are engaged in the learning cycle. During my course, Assessment for Student Learning, I was provided strategies to evaluate student learning higher than the formal paper and pencil test. Not all students test well during a summative paper/ pencil test. It is imperative to give all students the chance to show their true ability and understanding of the material presented in the class. The professor led the course with instruction on various assessment tools, ending with the creation of an assessment photo album. Backwards design is an educational best practice that has been implemented in classr oom widely for the last several years. It is logical to design a lesson from the end to the beginning, rather than the other direction. The photo album highlights the intended learning objectives, goals and intended assessment tools. When I used this tool in my classroom, students were well aware of the learning objectives. No one â€Å"wondered† what was to be accomplished during the unit. Early in the unit, I performed a diagnostic assessment to gain moreShow MoreRelatedCoe Framework And Ethical Dispositions Comparison Matrix Essay871 Words   |  4 Pageseducational community as well as the educator’s own professional growth.† (COE-GCU Framework, 2010). Example: Priority ranking : 5 I have ranked the issue of Professional Growthat number five because†¦Actually, Meninger (1986) said that†¦ Technology Integration—â€Å"Learners will be able to select and use applicable technology to enhance learning experiences.†(COE-GCU Framework,2011) P-I.3—â€Å"The professional educator continues professional growth.†(AAE,2014) Priority Ranking:6 I have ranked this issue ofRead MoreThe Conceptual Framework Of Assessment Essay1115 Words   |  5 PagesConceptual Framework of Assessment Since mathematical knowledge for teaching has been directly linked to the teacher’s instructional quality (Selling, Garcia, Loewenberg Ball, 2016), and hence is likely to impact student achievement, it is vital to be able to access the mathematical knowledge of teachers. It is important for educators and researchers to track the growth and development of MKT as it may be indicative of the effectiveness of educational and professional development programs forRead MoreI Am An Active Participant898 Words   |  4 Pagesthe ways I am able to tell that my students are excelling is their ability to demonstrate their growth through assessments. Although it is important students are excelling, it is also important that students are able to be an active participant in their own growth. Effective teachers allow students to constantly reflect on how they are doing in class and how they are meeting classroom goals. Assessment reflection ultimately influences how teachers and learners c ontinue to access material.After teachersRead MoreThe Behavior And Positive Behaviors1134 Words   |  5 PagesAssessment Name #1 ABC Record Definition of Assessment This is a type of anecdotal record that records a specific behavior or incident, Antecedents (what happened before), the Behavior, and the Consequences (what happened after). Assessment’s Purpose or Rationale The purpose of this is to keep a record of specific behaviors over time to determine if there is a pattern of the behavior, provides a way to analyze the behavior, and how effective the consequences are at helping the behavior. HoweverRead MoreCapstone Essay1044 Words   |  5 Pagesunderstanding specific English language learners needs guided the choice of instructional strategies to support the content and language learning. It is essential to understand English language learners’ needs because ELL students face the combined challenge of learning all the academic content as other students, while also learning the language of instruction. With the rapid growth in the size of the ELL student population in the U.S., teachers who are effective recognizes ELL students unique academicRead MoreBecoming a Certified Teacher in Missouri890 Words   |  4 Pageso Practicum/Observation: Fieldwork experience hours, school-based real-world assignments, application of knowledge and skills in school setting with supportive guidance o Student Teaching: Real classroom experience for Teacher Candidate (you, the student) at the end of the program of study †¢ Opportunity to work in the field under a Mentor Teacher and Faculty Instructor †¢ Professional growth and development o Completion of criminal background check and fingerprint clearance before starting †¢Read MorePre Test Assessment ( Appendix B ) Essay1619 Words   |  7 PagesThe students took a formative, pre-test assessment (Appendix B) on Monday morning prior to our first lesson on force. Overall, the majority of the class performed poorly on both sides of the pre-test. The directions for both sections were exactly the same, which were to circle the correct answer, with the exception of 2 fill in the blanks. Student were read aloud the question and the answer choices to determine true prior knowledge. Example questions from the on the force side included two fill inRead More Reflection on Alternative Assessments Essay610 Words   |  3 PagesAlternative Assessments   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Traditional and alternative assessments share some key elements, yet differ as well. All assessments, whether given as a test after a unit or alternative, should be measurable and be reliable and valid by having clear criteria to measure the learning targets. Traditional and alternative assessments generally differ in timing, feedback, students involvement, and how the teacher uses the information.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The time in which traditional assessments such as afterRead MoreCompare/Contrast Standards1738 Words   |  7 PagesGrand Canyon University SPE- 529N Special Education Foundations and Frameworks 03/21/11 Comparing Teacher Standards | State Specific Standards amp; NCLB | NBPTS | CEC | INTASC | Teacher Qualifications | CONTENT KNOWLEDGE amp; SKILL-Teachers have in-depth understanding of the content they plan to teach.-Teachers provide multiple explanations and instructional strategies.-Teachers are leaders and mentors in schools and communities.-Teachers reflect on their practice and make necessary adjustmentsRead MoreConsidering Students Language Background On Higher Education Assessment Outcomes1487 Words   |  6 PagesConsidering Students’ Language Background in Higher Education Assessment Outcomes: The Educational Testing Proficiency Profile The increasing popularity of assessments that measure students’ college-level knowledge and skills has been accompanied in the past decade by the incremental population of college students whose native language is not English or who speak English as a second language (ESL). Higher Education institutions are more often confronted with the task of considering language background

Racial Discrimination Against African Americans in the U.S. Labor Market Free Essays

Racial Discrimination against African Americans in the U. S. Labor Market Josefina Anorga Carlos Albizu University Abstract The following work deals with racial discrimination against African Americans in the workplace. We will write a custom essay sample on Racial Discrimination Against African Americans in the U.S. Labor Market or any similar topic only for you Order Now Terms as racial discrimination, racism, race and African Americans are going to be defined to a greater understanding of these. It presents different types of discrimination at work, statistics of the African American population who works in the U. S. , the way how it is changing over the years and the laws and entities that protect discrimination at the workforce. Racial Discrimination against African Americans in the Labor Market There are many ethnic and racial groups in the United States, such as Euro Americans, African Americans, Asian Americans, American Indians, Latin Americans, and others. Some of these groups have faced severe discrimination in social, political, educational, and economic opportunities. In our days, there are still large differences among these groups in areas like employment opportunities, income, education, criminal justice, voting and elections, health, and other fields. Because of this, many ways of unequal opportunities and discriminatory treatment persists in the United States in many ways, especially with African Americans. The term African Americans, also called Afro-Americans or Blacks, refers to residents or citizens of the United States who have African origins. It also describes a very diverse group of people in the American society. They may come from different ethnic backgrounds such as African, Caribbean, Central American or South American. According to Robert Hill in â€Å"The Strength of Black Families† African Americans have family characteristics such as strong kinship bonds, strong work orientation, adaptable family roles, high achievement orientation, and strong religious orientation (Harry, 1992; Hairston, 1983). Afro-Americans make up collective family structure and subjects like family and spirituality are very important for them. Although the number of African American Muslims has increased, their choice of religions tends to be Christianity (Harry, 1992). Even though the workplace is more diverse than ever and there is more consciousness of racial discrimination, African Americans, a racial-ethnic minority group in the United States, still have to face many discrimination problems. Many people in the U. S. have prejudices about African Americans describing them as inferior. â€Å"Research in social psychology suggests that categorizing individuals on the basis of salient, observable characteristics such as race, gender, age, and even patterns of dress and speech is inevitable, occurs automatically, and activates biases associated with these characteristics (Measuring Racial Discrimination, 2004). There are also many stereotypes that qualify them as poor, unemployed, unintelligent, uneducated, smelly, dirty, lazy, and also violent offenders. Discrimination means unequal treatment. To treat an individual or group of people differently based on their racial origins is called Racial Discrimination. It is also important to understand two terms that will be mentioned throughout the project, and those are: race and racism. The term race was used to distinguish populations in different areas on the basis of differing physical characteristics that had developed over time, such as skin color, facial features, and other characteristics† (Blank, Dabady, Citro, 2004), and â€Å"according to the US Civil Rights Commission 2010, racism is an action or attitude, conscious or unconscious, that subordinates and individual or group based on skin color or race. It can be enacted individually or institutionally†. The United States has been dominated in many aspects including the work place since the colonial era by the predominant group, Euro-Americans or Whites. White men are twice as likely to get management jobs as qualified black men, and three times as likely as black women (Smith Elliott, 2004). It is expected that by the year 2050 Whites are not going to be the predominant group in this nation anymore. This is because the demographics are changing very fast and many of the minority groups are increasing enormously. By the year 2000, African Americans comprised the United States largest racial minority group comprehending 12. 3 percent of the total population Nowadays Latin Americans are the largest minority group in the U. S. ollowed by Afro-Americans that are expected to be 15% by the year 2050. Seventeen million were the number of Blacks that worked in the United States by the year 2000 and it is expected that by the year 2050 there will be 27 millions of this group in the workforce. This significant amount represents an important part of the population for this country (U. S. Census, 2001). As mentioned before, diversity in the U. S. workplace is growing fast and it is bringing more opportunities to the minority groups. But just as it brings positive things, also brings challenges, such as racial or ethnic discrimination, especially against African Americans. Although there are many types of racial discrimination, two of the most important and most common in the workplace are Direct Racial Discrimination and Indirect Racial Discrimination. The Direct Racial Discrimination is intentional and easier to recognize because the employee does not try to hide being discriminatory with another employee, but this can be very difficult to prove. In most of the cases, the person who is discriminating believes that the discriminated employee or co-worker is not going to blame or take any action against them. Some examples for this type of discrimination could be when an employee jokes that blacks cannot sit with whites while having lunch or when simply an employee makes uncomfortable comments and jokes about the skin color of another worker knowing that he is listening just to make him feel humiliated in front of other people (Mighealth, 2007). The second type of discrimination is Indirect Racial Discrimination. It is when a supervisor or employee is committing an act of racial discrimination but tries to hide it so that it does not seem they are discriminating against the other employee. It is to place a group of African Americans in disadvantage with other groups and it is also very difficult to prove because those actions can be justified very easily. Examples of this type of racial discrimination could be when a black employee is not recognized for their job or being denied for deserved promotions while Euro Americans are not. Other cases of this type of discrimination could be when a supervisor gives similar tasks that require the same amount of work to all their subordinates but more difficult tasks to African Americans or also, not evaluating their jobs as they do with the others (Mighealth, 2007). It is important to emphasize that many American companies are reported annually because of racial discrimination against African American employees. An example of this are the cases of two American companies Nike, a sportswear company, and Walgreens, the largest drugstore chain in the U. S. In the year 2007, 4 former employees of the Nike Company, who used to work in the Niketown store in Chicago, filed a racial discrimination lawsuit against the company. They accused one of the managers from the store for eferring to black employees and customers using inappropriate and discriminatory language, making false accusations against them, segregating them to low-paying jobs and sending security guards to closely monitor both employees and black customers (ABC News, July 31, 2007). According to the CBS 2, 2007, a lawsuit against Walgreens was filed based on the widespread racial bias toward thousands of black employees. The company was accused of making decisions about employee promotions and assignments based on race. There are two important entities that defend racial discrimination in the workplace in the United States. These are the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) and the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Title VII). The Civil Rights Act says that is illegal to discriminate against a job applicant or a current employee because of the person’s skin color, national origin, religion, sex, age, disability or genetic information. It is also illegal to discriminate against a person because they have complained of discrimination, filed charges of discrimination or has participated in an investigation of employment discrimination. This law applies to all work situations including personnel selection, hiring, firing, promotions, harassment, training, salaries and benefits. The EEOC is responsible for enforcing federal laws against discrimination in the workplace. In the year 2007 according to the statistics issued by this Commission, 30,510 racial discrimination charges were recorded, compared with 82, 792 total charges in the workplace. In 2006 75, 768 charges were reported and 27, 238 or 35% were related to racial discrimination. In 2007, charges of racial discrimination increased 12% from the previous year, reaching their highest level in 13 years. By the year 2009, 33, 579 were the charges reported. There is an increase in discrimination against African Americans in the labor area as the statistics show, and this is expected to continue growing over the years. Racial discrimination is a social problem that is learned and can be solved with education and the help of government authorities and the various companies that comprise the workforce in the United States. Diversity in business is very beneficial, either to avoid charges of discrimination, increase productivity or the company’s corporate image. Every individual, regardless of their skin color or origin, have the right as a human being, to be treated in a fair way. References Hairston, E. , Smith, L. (1983). Black and deaf in America. Silver Springs, MD, TJ Publishers, Inc . Harry, B. (1992). Cultural diversity, families, and special education       system: Communication and empowerment. New York, NY, Teachers       College. US Civil Rights Commission (2010, January). . Retrieved January       30, 2010 from , U. S. Government Web site: http://www. usccr. gov/ Blank, R. M. , Dabady, M. , Citro. C. F. (2004). Measuring racial       discrimination. National Research Council. Retrieved from http:       //www. nap. edu/openbook. php? record_id=10887=26 Smith, R. A. , Elliott, J. (2004). Race, Gender, and Workplace Power,. , 69, . doi:10. 1177/000312240406900303 Grieco, E. M. , Cassidy, R. C. (2001). Overview race and Hispanic       origin 2000. Retrieved January 31, 2010 from , U. S. Census       Bureau Web site: http://www. census. gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-1. pdf Mighealthnet (). Explanations of race discrimination. , , 1. Retrieved from ht       tp://mighealth. net/uk/index. hp/Explanations_of_Race_Discrimination Clark, A. S. (2007, March 7). Feds sue Walgreen Co. for bias class-action       lawsuit alleges drugstore chain discriminates against black       workers. CBS 2, , 1. Retrieved from http://www. cbsnews. com/stor       ies/2007/03/07/business/main2546179. shtml U. S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (). Charge statistics       fy 1997 th rough fy 2009. Retrieved January 30, 2010 from , U. S. Government Web site: http://www. eeoc. gov/eeoc/statistics/enforcement/charges. cfm Appendix [pic] EEOC, 2009 Appendix [pic] Census, 2000 Appendix [pic] Census, 2008 [pic][pic] How to cite Racial Discrimination Against African Americans in the U.S. Labor Market, Essay examples

Country Analysis- India free essay sample

India functions on a democratic system, which heavily influences the political situation of the country. We will write a custom essay sample on Country Analysis- India or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, this democracy stems from a caste system. A caste system is a social grouping that combines a group of particular members based on specific professions and usually leads to the isolation of each individual caste. The Indian people adopted the caste system to create an easy differentiation of communities and neighborhoods. Recently in India there has been a relaxing of the caste system depending on the part of India in which you are looking. In the cities you will see more of an intermingling and mix of the higher caste systems but as you explore the rural areas, you find a traditional form of the caste system. In recent years India has become the largest democracy in the world. The economy is highly affected by the political situation in India. The country suffers from high unemployment and poverty as two of its main issues that currently influence the economic standing of the country. With two opposing parties with vastly different views for the vision of the economy the country is found being pulled for a free market economy and an economy that strongly opposes globalization and favors a â€Å"land-for-all† attitude. (â€Å"Politics of India†) In India the legal situation highly resembles a common law model that is found in England today but is clout with Indian culture. In the courts India has a judge that acts as a neutral party that enforces the law fairly amongst each party. The government too has three branches: the executive, the judiciary and the legislative. The courts hold a common theme of carrying out justice to the people. (Srikrishna) One article says, â€Å"According to Gallups annual public opinion polls, India is perceived by Americans as their 7th favorite nation in the world† (â€Å"India-United State Relations†) Based off this observation, the relationship between the United States of American and India seems to be quite close and cordial. However, this does not mean the countries have always agreed on every matter. Back in the late 1990’s when Atal Bihari Vajpayee became the Prime Minister he began to authorize testing of nuclear weapons and the United Sates chose to form against them and eventually was mandated to cut off economic ties. In 2001 the United States under the Clinton administration began to have economic discussion, opening the door for the Bush administration to partake in close monitoring of India’s nuclear weapons and began strengthening the economic ties. The two countries have really come together in times of need such as  the attacks on September 11,2001 and the December 2004 tsunamis. The most recent development in the relationship is under the pressing of the Obama administration. Right out of the gate of the first term of his presidency, President Obama addressed the issue of the Indian-American relationship and said that he was going to take the steps necessary â€Å"further strengthen the excellent bilateral relationship† (â€Å"India-United State Relations†) This goal was communicated vastly amongst the administration, assuring the citizens of both countries that it was a beneficial relationship. The main person taking care of this relationship is Hilary Clinton. As time passed the country of India became concerned that the relationship was not being as cared for like they were assured would be done. Rather they believed the United States was more focused on their relationship with China and eventually the country of Pakistan. The issues of the bilateral relationship continued to struggle for some time, even after a visit to the White House from Prime Minister Singhin November 2010, which was to hopefully fix or strengthen the relationship. In May 2010 President Obama communicated that shared values, interests and the two larges democracies established the partnership between the United States and India. (â€Å"India-United State Relations†) The economic relation between the United States and India has been continuing to be strengthened since the Clinton administration where the bilateral economic dialogue was established. This is a system where the accountability for consultations amongst multiple high powers. (See exhibit A) (â€Å"Embassy of India†) Since this original discussion; there have been multiple dialogue mechanisms to strengthen the bilateral relationship on the economy and trade issues. This includes different forums and financial partnerships. In the first seven or so months of the year 2013 the United States of America increased the percent they did trade with India 7.4%. (â€Å"Embassy of India†) The relationship of the United States and India is perfectly summed up by the words of the National Security adviser Shivshankar Menon, From a time when we dealt with each other formally, sometimes warily, we today have a full spectrum relationship, between our governments, our peoples and our institutions. (Menon) In the year 2011 the Gross National Product increased over 8 billion INR, an increase of 11,846.1 INR since 2010. It has a forecast of following a trend and reaching almost 9 billion INR for the next year. This is also a steady view of how the inflation levels have  effected the GNP of India and will continue do so in the future. (See exhibit B) (No current data was found) (â€Å"India Gross National Product†) The most current GNP per capita was calculated using the PPP to the US dollar using the atlas method divided by a midyear population. In 2011 in India, the GNP resulted to be $1,420.00 at a ranking of 142/191. In consideration of the past is a very steady increase, however, in comparison the U.S it is hardly an increase at all. (â€Å"India-GNI per capita) As of 2006 India spends 3.11% of their gross national product on their education system. Looking to increase this percentage over the years and have lowered the illiteracy rate by 2015. (â€Å"Infochange India†) Today when discussing the opportunity for a company, of any kind, but especially a U.S company, to manufacture in India the support to do so is quite present. One major benefit of manufacturing in India is that the government has been putting into place a plan of action to create a substantial steady flow of economic progress and one of the crucial aspects is through manufacturing. It began in 2010 with the implementation of a Manufacturing Policy, that industry and the government fully supports. The plan began with the rubber industry in India and where they were choosing to invest, it has continued into medical supplies, a chocolate factory and a huge factory by the direct marketing company, Amway. The Prime Minister has stated that the commitment of expanding the manufacturing in India is of highest priority for the economic growth of the country. (â€Å"Manufacturing Sector in India†) Another great aspect of pursuing manufacturing in India versus a country like China is the possibility of lower wages in India, China continues to raise the minimum wage. There is also the language barrier that disappears when you choose to manufacture in India versus another foreign country with a different native tongue. There is also a younger work force in India than in China and with a similar government as that of the United States it is easier to do business. (Shilling) With all the rage to rush off and pursue manufacturing in India there are those who have doubts, like the unknown author of the article in The Economist, the author says, â€Å"If India is to become ‘the next China’—a manufacturing powerhouse—it is taking its time about it.† (â€Å"Manufacturing in India†) When it comes to a company from the United States and whether or not to compete in India, there is good support that says to go for it. Now a days we have so many jobs outsourced to India it seems foolish to not take it a step further. Particularly in the software industry, there is a large convention that is held there annually and the United States is greatly underrepresented and most likely missing out on big opportunities, because the reality is that the show will go on with out the U.S present. India has been focusing on the service industry over the last years but are now moving towards an industrial form of business. Also present is a strong entrepreneurial spirit, which can be wonderful for a new company coming in because the people will be willing to get in on the ground floor of an international operation, as well as bring new ideas and twists to the table. (â€Å"Americans Should Jump on the India Wave†) Another aspect in general to approach entering any country competitively is the exchange rate and currency. Look into how the country performs monetarily and see how the exchange rate and inflation will affect your business on the day-to-day operations but also over time. (Aimes) When going back and looking at the idea of manufacturing and competing in India based off the Economic Freedom Index, the index can mean multiple things for both. In general India is a 55.2 out of 100 in Economic Freedom. This is 119th out of 177, (not including Lybia) while the United States is scores a 76.0 sitting at the top as number 10 of 177. When assessing the index with the idea of a company from the Unite States manufacturing in India I look the factors that influence the index such as the labor freedom, this looks into the aspect of the legality of the labor market of the country, or in our case, India. This means that as a company we have to be cautious not to abuse or practice the immoral practice of extremely low wages or poor work conditions. As far as competing the issue that stands out to me pertaining to the EFI is the corrupt factor, with a low score like India, as a company one would need to watch closely at the practices taking place overseas. (â€Å"Index of Economic Freedom†) The Human Development Index in India is found in the medium HDI. Since 2011 India’s HDI decreased by 2 but is forecasted to increase .07 over the next year. The HDI refers to how the country’s population is take care of, such as life expectancy, education,  etc. This covers the wellbeing of the citizens of the country; I think this affects the manufacture and competitive aspect equally. If the people are not taken care of who is going to manage and operate the company, as an organization it would just be something that must be kept in mind. (â€Å"Human Development Index†) Pertaining to the Global Competitiveness Report it is hard to know how they would affect us because as a country India is not present in the top 30 for the last four years. So the assumption is made the India is not as competitive as portrayed by some people, but that does not mean there is no room for growth. (â€Å"Global Competitiveness Report†) India holds a score of 36 on the corruption perceptions index; this means that again when looking into entering the country either with manufacturing or competitive ambition one must asses the risk that is going be taken, such as how will the government treat your corporation as well as how will the patrons of the country view your corporation. (â€Å"Corruptions Perception Index†) Last but definitely not least another report that is very useful in assessing the want to on pursuing a manufacture or competitive is the World Press Freedom Index. India is in the difficult situation range in this index meaning, that freedom of speech is kind of difficult to actually have because the government watches closely to what is being spoken and said about their country and the people in it. (â€Å"Reporters without Borders†) Based off the indexes and other information presented above do not believe as a company of the United States need to enter the market in India. I believe this is so because of the uncertainty of the market, as stated above India has great potential to grow and be the next China but it has been heading in that direction since the 1950’s and not much change is evident. There are aspects about the country that would be desirable to enter into and if doing so I recommend the company use the strategy of global standardization. This strategy uses the low cost of the country to its advantage and in the United States outsourcing is chosen for that very reason, so instead of just outsourcing I believe it would be wise to use this method to pursue a start up of an international branch in a country like India where there is low labor cost and where it is not necessary for the people to respond due to the fact that there is a low economic freedom and instead it relies more on the main office back in the United States rather than the host country, or in our case, India. (Aimes) Exhibits Exhibit A Exhibit B Works Cited Aimes, Frederico. Foreign Exchange. Online Lecture, Stillwater. 07 Oct. 2013. Lecture . Aimes, Frederico. International Business Strategy. Lecture. International Management Lecture. D2L, Stillwater. 09 Oct. 2013. Web. 09 Oct. 2013. Americans Should Jump on the India Wave. Web log post. Boston.com. N.p., 21 Feb. 2012. Web. 11 Oct. 2013. Corruption Perceptions Index. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 10 Aug. 2013. Web. 11 Oct. 2013. Embassy of India Washington DC (official Website) United States of America Economic Relations. Embassy of India Washington DC (official Website) United States of America Economic Relations. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Oct. 2013. Global Competitiveness Report. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 21 Sept. 2013. Web. 11 Oct. 2013. Index of Economic Freedom. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 10 June 2013. Web. 11 Oct. 2013. India GNI per Capita. India. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Oct. 2013. India GDP per Capita. TRADING ECONOMICS. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Oct. 2013. India Gross National Product. TRADING ECONOMICS. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Oct. 2013. India–United States Relations. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 10 May 2013. Web. 10 Oct. 2013. Infochange India. India Invests Just 3.3% of Its GNP on Education. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Oct. 2013. List of Countries by Human Development Index. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 26 Sept. 2013. Web. 11 Oct. 2013. Manufacturing in India: The Masala Mittelstand. Editorial. The Economist 11 Aug. 2012: n. pag. The Economist. Web. 11 Oct. 2013. Manufacturing Sector in India. , Manufacturing Industry, Indian Industries. India Brand Equity Foundation, Sept. 2013. Web. 11 Oct. 2013. Menon, Shivshankar. India, US Ties Have Come a Long Way: Shivshankar Menon. The Economic Times. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Oct. 2013. Politics of India. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 10 June 2013. Web. 10 Oct. 2013. Reporters Without Borders. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 10 Oct. 2013. Web. 11 Oct. 2013. Shilling, A. Gary. Why India Will Displace China as Global Growth Engine. Bloomberg.com. Bloomberg, 16 Dec. 2012. Web. 11 Oct. 2013. Srikrishna, B. N. (2008) The Indian Legal System, International Journal of Legal Information: Vol. 36: Iss.2, Article 8. Available at: http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/ijli/vol36/iss2/8

Leadership Qualities at Tesco free essay sample

Each area of expertise requires leadership and management skills. Tesco aims to develop the leadership qualities of its people throughout the organisation, from administrators and customer assistants to the board of directors. It adopts a similar approach to leadership development for staff at all levels. The aim of this essay is to show how a medium sized Tesco’s leadership framework is fundamental to developing the qualities of leadership needed at every level in the business and how the various leadership styles can benefit the organisation. Leadership does exist not only in an organisational level, but in the wider Supply Chain context. Hence the last chapter’s aim is to discover how a single organisation can turn into a Supply Chain Leader amongst the other chain members. 2. Defining Leadership Leadership is a critical determinant of organisational effectiveness; therefore it is not surprising that leadership continues to be the subject of intense academic research and controversy. We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership Qualities at Tesco or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Part of the reason it has become so important in recent years is that the business world has become more competitive and more volatile. Major changes are more and more necessary to survive and compete effectively in this new environment. More change always demands more leadership. Ralph Stogdill (1950) defined leadership as an influencing process aimed at goal achievement. His definition has three major components. First, it defines leadership as an interpersonal process in which one individual seeks to shape and direct the behaviour of others. Second, it sets leadership in a social context, in which the other members of the group to be influenced are subordinates or followers. Third, it identifies a criterion for effective leadership in terms of goal achievement, which is one practical objective of leadership theory and research. 3. Management versus Leadership Leadership and management are related, but they are not the same; both are two distinctive and complementary systems of action. Each has its own function and characteristic activities. Both are necessary for success in an increasingly complex and volatile business environment. Kotter (1990) argued that management is different from leadership. Leadership is concerned with the development of vision and strategies, the alignment of relevant people behind those strategies and the empowerment of individuals to make the vision happen, despite obstacles. This stands in contrast with management, which involves keeping the current system operating through planning, budgeting, organising, staffing, controlling, and problem solving. According to Griffin (2008) organisations need both management and leadership if they are to be effective. Leadership is necessary to create change, and management is necessary to achieve orderly results. Management in conjunction with leadership can produce orderly change, and leadership in conjunction with management can keep the organisation properly aligned with its environment. 4. Tesco’s Leadership Framework Tesco looks for managers who are positive, confident and genuine, with the capacity to inspire and encourage their teams. A key part of Tesco’s programme for building leaders is encouraging self-review and reflection. This allows staff to assess their strengths and find ways of demonstrating the characteristics that are vital to the long-term development of the business. Business Case Studies LLP, 2013) Tesco’s leadership framework sets out not just the skills and competencies but also the personal characteristics and behaviours it expects of its leaders: 4. 1 Delegation Tesco’s process of managing starts with the target to be achieved. A manager needs decide on the appropriate approach for reaching that target, and then he needs to communicate th is approach clearly to his or her team and to allocate tasks to each team member. Task allocation and delegation of responsibility is part of the management function. 4. Empowerment The style of leadership can vary depending on the task. Some managers allow teams to take charge of their own decision making for many tasks. Team leaders will set the objectives, but empower team members to decide how these objectives are achieved. This has several advantages; it helps to motivate individuals in the team and it draws on the expertise of the members of the team. 4. 3 Productivity One of the key challenges of a Tesco bakery manager’s job is to ensure his team produces the right products to meet demand at key times. His usual management approach is to allow the team to take responsibility for achieving the desired result. In this way, the team not only buys into the activity, but also develops new skills. For example, when the bakery expanded its product range and the team needed to ensure that all the products would be on the shelves by 8. 00 am, the manager rather than enforce a solution, he turned to the team for ideas. The team solved the problem by agreeing to split break times so that productivity could be maintained. The manager’s approach produced a positive outcome and increased team motivation. 5. Leadership Styles Tannenbaum and Schmidt (1973) categorised different leadership styles. They suggested that leadership styles could be explained on a scale ranging from â€Å"autocratic† through â€Å"democratic† to â€Å"laissez-faire†. The autocratic or authoritarian style is characterised by an â€Å"I tell† philosophy. Autocratic leaders tell their staff what to do. This approach can provide a business clear direction, but it may also lead managers to undervalue or ignore input from their teams. However, an autocratic approach is appropriate in some situations; such as when the business faces a crisis or when an urgent problem arises that requires an immediate response. There are some leadership approaches that sit between autocratic and democratic. These styles allow team participation up to a point but, the manager reserves the right to make the final decision. (Tannenbaum amp; Schmidt, 1973) Managers adopting an â€Å"I sell† philosophy will try to persuade their teams to accept their viewpoint, while managers using an â€Å"I consult† approach will seek the opinions of subordinates before taking a decision. This is moving closer to a democratic style of management. A store manager of a medium sized Tesco is usually in charge of a team of around 20 departmental managers, who between them are responsible for almost 300 people. The store manager’s leadership style is usually to allow his managers to make most operational decisions. However, if an accident occurs in the store, he may take control to ensure a prompt and co-ordinated response. (Business Case Studies LLP, 2013) The best managers adopt leadership styles appropriate to the situation. The store manager’s referred leadership style is to take a democratic approach. He consults widely as he feels that staff responds better to this approach. This increases team motivation and encourages creativity. Some mistakes may be made, but they are used as a learning experience. However, sometime business-critical problems can arise and it is important that he responds to these in the most appropriate way. In such situations, he m ay need to adapt his leadership approach and exert more authority. Laissez-faire is at the other end of the spectrum from autocratic. A laissez-faire manager takes a â€Å"hands-off† approach and trusts teams to take appropriate decisions or actions with broad agreed boundaries (Huczynski amp; Buchanan, 2007). For example, the Tesco store manager might leave an experienced departmental manager to develop a budget. This could be because he trusts that the manager has a good knowledge of the needs of the department and of the business. 6. Factors Influencing Leadership Style People at each level of responsibility in Tesco, from administrators and customer assistants to directors, face different types of decisions. Each comes with its own responsibilities and timescales. These will influence the most appropriate leadership style for a particular piece of work or for a given project. Tesco managers have responsibilities for â€Å"front of house† (customer-facing) staff as well as â€Å"behind the scenes† employees, such as office staff. Before making a decision, the manager will consider the task in hand, the people involved and those who will be affected. Various internal and external factors may also affect the choice of leadership style used. Internal factors include the levels of skill that employees have. Large teams may have members with varying levels of skill. This may require the manager to adopt a more directive style, providing clear communication so that everyone knows what to do to achieve goals and tasks. On the other hand, team leaders may take a more consultative approach with other managers of equal standing in order to get their co-operation for a project. External factors may arise when dealing with customers. For example, a manager may need to use a persuasive style to convince a customer to accept a replacement product for an item that is temporarily out of stock. 7. Supply Chain Leadership (SCL) Leadership is also found in the macro context of inter-organisational leader-follower relationships in the supply chain environment. Leadership is necessary to coordinate the efforts of multiple firms in a supply chain in order for the supply chain to function effectively. (Clifford, 2007) The existence of supply chain leaders seems undeniable, but supply chain performance requires the cooperation of multiple member organisations and the coordination of complex processes across all members. A supply chain leader can provide the incentive that encourages supply chain member firms to work more collaboratively. However, unless supply chain member organisations willingly choose to follow the leader, conflict may arise and supply chain performance may suffer as a result SCL has frequently been a label applied to the largest, most powerful firm in the supply chain. A supply chain leader may use its power to dominate supply chain members to achieve overall supply chain goals like increased collaboration or tighter integration (Benton amp; Maloni, 2004). Tesco, Wal-Mart, Dell, and Toyota are examples of supply chain leaders whose power is based on size and economic might. Power-based SCL can develop from other sources; a firm may become a leader because it possesses control over an information source critical to the success of other supply chain members. Retailers control access to mountains of customer purchase data that can be used by upstream firms to refine product designs and tailor production and distribution processes. The fact that retailers possess this information places many of them in a leadership position, and is consistent with the downstream shift of power downstream in supply chains (La Londe amp; Masters, 1994). According to Clifford (2007) SCL is not always predestined to the largest or most profitable organisation in all cases. A leader may emerge when it develops a distinctive capability that benefits other supply chain members, or SCL may accrue to a smaller, especially skilled organisation when a special expertise is lacking from an otherwise more powerful firm. For example, third party logistics (3PL) providers may find themselves in a position of leadership because of the more efficient product flow processes they have developed. 8. Conclusion Effective leadership is critical for organisational effectiveness, and it has become important in recent years since the business world has become more competitive and more volatile. Leadership and management are related, but they are not the same. Each has its own function and characteristic activities. Both are necessary for success in a business environment. Tesco leaders need to be inspirational, creative and innovative, ready to embrace change and with a long-term vision for achievement. Effective leaders manage by example and in doing so, develop their teams. Tesco encourages all its managers to lead by example. It requires leaders who can motivate, problem-solve and build great teams. Leadership also exists in the inter-organisational leader-follower relationships in the supply chain environment. Leadership is necessary to coordinate multiple firms in a supply chain in order for the supply chain to function effectively. Supply Chain Leadership (SCL) is not always predestined to the largest or most profitable organisation; a leader may emerge when it develops a unique capability that benefits other supply chain member.

Analysis of the Evolution Essays

Analysis of the Evolution Essays Analysis of the Evolution Essay Analysis of the Evolution Essay See whether the question is of (I) 500 words, (it) 250 words or (iii) 100 words. For the first and second it may be necessary to write a description with a comment. For the third YOU have to pick out the necessary facts and arrange them precisely. B) Selection This meaner picking out from your material the matter important for answering your question: For this: Take notes of the relevant material. Look them over carefully. Delete information not directly relevant to the question. Prepare a first draft. This will help you in getting a clear idea of what information you want to put down and what o want to leave out. This will also help in giving your plan a practical shape. C) Presentation : Prepare now a second draft. This is important for putting down your ideas in a sharp and clear manner. With this you will get an idea as to how you will be able to state what you want to say within the word limits. Prepare a Tanta or a Tall art to scene out winner you nave put clown all you wanted to say. Read to check whether your answer is within the word limits. D) Interpretation: Interpretation is a constant process in history writing. It is already reflected in your planning and selection. Explanatory comments with phrases like may be, because, could be, etc. , immediately introduce an element of interpretation in writing itself. Here you have to be careful that these comments can be supported by the material you have in the answer. Note: In case you run short of time you should prepare a rough draft, check that you havent left anything out, and go on to write the final draft. Now we believe you are ready to answer the questions. Tutor Marked Assignment (TAMA) Assignment code: BASH-III /SAT,TAMA/2012-13 Total Marks: 100 Descriptive Category Questions (DC) answer any two in 500 words each: Analyses the evolution of man as a tool making animal. 20 Does the post Industrial society differ from the Industrial society? Explain Analyses the role of Gandhi in the National Movement. How do you assess the performance of Indian Economy during the initial years of Globalization (since 1991)? B. Middle Category Questions (MAC) answer any four in 250 words each: 5. Discuss the achievements of Renaissance in the field of art and architecture. 12 Has the Indian Economy made any progress in the field of Distributive Justice? Discuss the directive Principles of State policies. Discuss the fundamental Rights guaranteed by the Indian Constitution. How are the different? What role do non-state actors play in the democratic process? Discuss. Want role does cord Initial play In ten management AT organizations* . Diddles. 10. Discuss the concept of governance. Is fostering openness in the system a part of DOD governance. 11. How do you look at the concept of Human Security? Discuss. 12. Discuss the concept of Digital Divide. How do you think it can be bridged? Short Category Questions (SC) Secularism Abernathy Lealer Paintings Kyoto Protocol

Compare and contrast the uk educational system to the educational Essay

Compare and contrast the uk educational system to the educational system in nigeria - Essay Example In UK the academic year is split into autumn, spring and summer and schooling is compulsory to all children between the ages of 5 - 16 years. The framework of education in UK does not have a curriculum for schooling at early ages, but it sets out sensible standards and aims of learning. Discipline is highly tolerated and students are usually effective and efficient in their studies. Education in Nigeria starts at an early age of pre-school and at the age of six years, pupils are allowed to join primary schools in which they graduate after another six years. Education is compulsory at this level and government of Nigeria usually aid in funding it with parents taking responsibility of purchasing school uniforms. After completion of primary education, pupils are awarded primary school leaving certificates and the best candidates are allowed to advance on with secondary education for six years. Secondary schools in Nigeria are not mixed and are either boy’s secondary school or girl’s school. This essay will encompass the various differences, similarities and conclusions to the education system between Nigeria and United Kingdom (UK) and will feature out the need for a transformed schooling system. Both systems of schooling are strictly and highly governed by formal British English where students and pupils are taught at an early age on how to communicate with the language and be conversant with it. British English is usually used by facilitators, instructors, teachers and Lecturers to communicate to their students and pupils during class activities, extra curriculum activities and all interactions within school and among its suburbs (Adeolu 2013). In both UK and Nigeria, school phases have similar names and all the stages of education between the two countries possess similarities in their structure. In both countries, there is a national syllabus to outline all what is supposed to be covered by students in order

Coca-Cola India Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Coca-Cola India - Case Study Example The company's re-entry into the Indian market was through a strategic alliance with Parle Exports which was owned by Ramesh Chauhan (ICFAI Center for Management Research (ICMR)). Parle Exports entered the soft drinks market in late 1970s and this was the time when the government pressures forced Coca-Cola to exit the Indian market. Through the strategic alliance, Coca-Cola India gained the ownership of 5 popular brands of Parle Exports namely Thums Up, Limca, Maaza, Citra and Gold Spot with a market share of around 60%, and a well established network of 56 bottlers. All these five brands were the leading and most popular soft drink brands which were initially owned by Parle and later take over by CCI. Coca-Cola India wanted to tap the vast rural market of India. The company did so by creating a tag line which almost every common man of India is well versed with - "Thanda Matlab Coca-Cola." As part of this initiative to tap rural India, in the year 2002, Coca-Cola India launched a new advertising campaign featuring leading Bollywood star Aamir Khan with the above mentioned tag line. The advertisement was targeted at rural and semi-urban consumers. According the sources from inside the company, the idea was to position Coca-Cola as a generic brand for cool drinks and at the same time also to support CCI's rural marketing initiatives. The company seriously started focusing on the rural market in the early 2000s with an aim to increase sales volumes. This decision was nothing to get surprised about if the huge untapped rural Indian market was looked at. Nevertheless, it is a fact that the real market in India is in the rural areas and if any company can tap it in the right way, there is a tremendous potential (Carratu). "The company's strategy to tap the rural market was based on three A's - Availability, Affordability and Acceptability. The first 'A' - Availability emphasized on the availability of the product to the customer; the second 'A' - Affordability focused on the pricing of the product, and third 'A' - Acceptability focused on convincing the customer to buy the product (Research) (ICFAI Center for Management Research)." After entering the rural market in India, CCI focused on strengthening its distribution network there. The company realized that the centralized distribution system used by the company in the urban areas would not be suitable for rural areas. In the centralized distribution system, the product was transported directly from the bottling plants to retailers, but the company realized that this kind of distribution system would not be effective in rural markets as the transportation of stocks directly from bottling plants to retail stores would be very costly due to the long distances that need to be covered. The other alternative that the company looked at was a hub and spoke distribution system. "Under this kind of system, stock used to get transported from the bottling plants to hubs and then from hubs, the stock was transported to spokes which were situated in small towns. These spokes in turn fed the retailers catering to the demand in rural areas. Apart from changing the distribut ion model, the company also

Sexism and the Star System in Architecture Essay

Sexism and the Star System in Architecture - Essay Example This kind of discrimination, unfortunately, is quite common in the profession and continues up till this day and age; it is still a major dilemma. Here, it will be attempted to describe various elements of sexism as well as those who have overcome such barriers inherent in the field of architecture, which include—but are not limited to—sexism and the star system in architecture; womens’ roles in architecture and the ideal architect profile; how kingmakers in architecture are usually men; and what it would look like if a woman were to be a kingmaker in architecture. II. Sexism and the Star System in Architecture The star system has, for a long time, dominated the way that architecture is run. The star system in architecture dominates who are the most sought-after design gurus in the field. Unfortunately, many times this system has favored men more than women in a statistical sense. Denise Scott Brown’s article Room at the Top?: Sexism and the Star System in Architecture is found in Dana Arnold’s book: â€Å"[S]exism and the star system in architecture [exists because] ‘[s]tar [q]uality’ [is] a ‘mysterious amalgam of self-love, vivacity, star, and sexual promise†¦... III. Womens’ Roles in Architecture and The Ideal Architect Profile The reason one needs to get a good architect is paramount.   A good architect on the project lays the foundation for everything else. Ideally, one wants to choose an architect for the project who has character.   In the same way this architect’s character is, so shall your structure be. Women have been at the forefront of architecture for years, but have been relegated to the shadows. â€Å"For centuries, women have designed and built works of architecture around the globe. But when architecture officially became a profession requiring professional education and licensure, the doors were slammed shut to women†¦A less-than-welcoming educational environment and a hostile [and discriminatory] work environment awaited them.†2   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Women who are able to be professional in their field underscore the need for professionalism in the field of architecture. à ¢â‚¬Å"The absence of women from the profession of architecture remains, despite the various theories, very difficult to explain and slow to change. It demarcates a failure the profession has become adept at turning a blind eye to, despite the fact that it places architecture far behind the other professions with which architects frequently seek to align themselves.†3 One wants an architect who will be able to see the project through from inception to completion.   Therefore, this person is going to have to envision the project as well as bring it to fruition. Maya Lin designed the Vietnam War Veterans’ Memorial when she was a 21-year-old student. The memorial now serves as a reminder of those who fought in Vietnam and lost their lives as a result.

The Positive Impact Of Olympic Economics Essay

The Positive Impact Of Olympic Economics Essay The birthplace of Ancient Olympic Games is Ancient Greece which is called as the Olympic Festival and it was held every four years. Due to the sacrifices of animals were made, a number of the sport competitions occurred which include stadium race, boxing, wrestling, horse riding events and pentathlon such as running, jumping, discus, javelin and wrestling. The winners of the competition were crowned wreath of wild olive and also get great honor. All the Greeks were being allowed to enter into the competition except for the slaves and barbarians. The ancient Olympic Festival was continued until the end of Greek Empire over two thousand years ago. (Technology Student, 2004) Baron Pierre de Coubertin which is the founder of the modern Olympic Games, said that the most important of Olympic Games is to take part in but not to win, as the most important things in life is struggle but not victory. The first modern Olympic Games were held in Athens in 1896 which has been chosen as recognition of Greek Festival. Its purpose is to create games in order to ensure that people around the world would compete and meet in friendly atmosphere. The meaning of the modern Olympic is the athlete from each country takes an oath In the name of all competitors, I promise that we shall take part in these Olympic Games, respecting and abiding by the rules which govern them, in the true spirit of sportsmanship, for the glory of sport and the honor of our teams at the opening of the ceremony. The aim of Olympic movement is the goal of the Olympic Movement is to contribute to building a peaceful and better world by educating youth through sport practiced without discrimination of any kind and in the Olympic spirit, which requires mutual understanding with a spirit of friendship, solidarity and fair play. The head office of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) is located in Lausanne and Switzerland in order to manage and control the Olympic Movement and the members are from all around the world. The motto of Olympic is called Citius, Altius and Fortius in Latin which means faster, higher and stronger or braver. (Technology Student, 2004) The Objective of Olympic: The objective of Olympic is strived to promote Olympic Games which meets the standards of sustainable development and also respect the environment. The Olympic Games are to promote sustainable development in sports and needs. Besides that, the Olympic Games also promotes positive legacy to the host cities to the Host countries. (Wiki Answers, 2013) Positive Impact of Olympic: Besides being a sport, Olympics also affect business and hosting countries which are businesses can gain from Olympic such as increasing sales, advertisements and reputation through sponsorships. All the companies, sponsorships and investors of the world are focused on Olympics Games in order to help all the business to increase sales. Hosting the Olympic Games can bring many benefits for the host country which can be divided into either short term or long term. The short term of economic benefits including of the fresh cash flow from the visitors who visit the host country, athletes, officials, training activities, cultural events and media activities linked to the Olympics and the formation of Olympic committee. There have three major categories of long term economic benefits for hosting Olympic Games which are including the creation of infrastructure is reaching the global standards, the concern of the international community through media and related to the community. (Globalrp E conomy Issue, 2013) Short term economic benefits are likely as the total changes that occur in terms of revenue, employment and total national output through foreign investments. The first national economic impact will lead to the fact that the host country will be required to produce more services and goods. Therefore, the goods will be consumed to the athletes and the official themselves. The international visitors will need to consume the industrial products. Besides that, that Olympic also include of media personalities of nationally and internationally and these groups will also need to consume goods and services by the host country. There will be also many sponsors participate in Olympic Games and they will also required to consume the commodities. Therefore, the total amount of additional revenue will come from the sales of production of goods by the host country and the above mentioned groups will form a huge of direct economic benefits from the hosting Olympic country. (Globalrp Economy Issue, 2013) Another short term of positive impact of Olympic is some tourists may be interested when seeing the host countys website during the Olympic Games and after. Therefore, there will be large amounts of revenues from those visitors. Research indicated that hosting Olympic country can earn 823 dollars from visitors who visit or access the host country within the first twenty days prior of Olympics and twenty days after the Olympic. (Globalrp Economy Issue, 2013) In addition, the positive impact of Olympic is providing job opportunities or employment. We should not be underestimates the level of creating the employment opportunities from the host country. In fact, an economic estimate in Atlanta, Georgia which is a state that organized the Olympic), the result shows that about seventy seven thousands of employment opportunities were been created. The hotel industry and lodging take up the largest part of creating the job opportunities. Besides that, the food industry such as bars also provides job opportunities. Additionally, the construction sector also will be provided jobs since there will be additional infrastructure such as new buildings. (Globalrp Economy Issue, 2013) The long term economic benefits from hosting the Olympic Games can be as legacy of host country. The first legacy will be considered of facilities built specifically for Olympics. After the Olympic Games, the facilities can be continuing operation for many years. The host country needs to build a top level of Stadium in order to meet the international standards. In fact, Georgia was hosting the Olympic Games in year 1996 and the stadium was costing them approximately 189 million US dollars which is consider as quite good investment since the rate of return greater than investments. (Globalrp Economy Issue, 2013) Another important positive impact is the fact of hosting the Olympics will be exposure for the host country through excessive media and the hosting country will be able to seen by the World. Therefore, their strengths will be reflected in their marketing efforts and this will greatly increase their tourism industry the next few years. Additionally, there will be also exposure in business aspects in order to attract investors come and invest in host country. (Globalrp Economy Issue, 2013) As a host country, London Olympic Games was the worlds hottest spot in 2012. Olympic is an important and massive event that a collection of athletes, media, visitors and politicians from all around the world which is definitely a prestigious role city. According to London, the Olympic Games provided positive impact to the larger businesses in London although there is not reach the extent that had anticipated. But according to the survey of 100 large companies by Deloitte which is the official professional services provider to London 2012. Since the beginning of the Olympic Games, 42% of companies reported that an increase in demand and 77% of retailers increase in demand from the new customers. This result preparation and planning was paid off. Naturally, the greatest advantage is the increasing in Tourism industry. According to London, it was been attracted approximately 300,000 of foreigners and also about 5.5 million day trippers during Olympic Games. (The Consultant Eu, 2013) Another fact was according to Beijing China in 2008, the number of visitors or tourists were rising rapidly. This result shows that Olympic brings the host country to increase the visibility. According to Chen Jian who is the president of Beijing Olympic Economic Research Association was estimated that Beijing was received about 600000 foreign visitors and 2.5 million from Chinas domestic tourists during the Olympic Games along with the number of foreign visitors in Beijing will grow 8% to 9% annually. Besides that, a foreign country student who studying in Beijing was experienced the craze of Olympic Summer by the improvements in infrastructures and commercial services during the Olympic Opening Ceremony. In addition, the number of hotels in Beijing has also increasing in the recent years. That is because since China was entered the WTO and won the Olympic bid, therefore the country was reduced the hotel ownership restrictions. Furthermore, the recruitment in Beijing Olympic sponsor s, partners, suppliers and others companies also wants to take the benefits of the Olympic buzz in Beijing in order to contribute in increasing of advertisement. (Business Today, 2013) The third fact was according to Sydney Olympic Games in 2000 were praised as the best Olympic Games because Sydney not only did achievements on improving the environment, improve urban construction, promote the development of transportation, real estate and tourism, but it also promote the host citys international reputation. Sydney brought a considerable sum of profits and motivated promote the follow-up industrial development of tourism, transportation and real estate. Especially, it brought the huge number of direct revenues about 2,605 million US dollars which is the most profitable in Olympic Games. Additionally, it stimulated about 500 thousands tourists. (Bitstream, 2013) Negative Impact of Olympic: The Olympics prestige not only goes along with economic benefits, it also does in downfalls and significant risks which should not be ignored. Therefore, hosting the Olympic Games is very important to the hosting country. To host the Olympic Games is a huge responsible for the country or city due to having a huge risk because the hosting country invested a large amount of money in the games but they do not know about how many visitors coming for the Games. Therefore, they are risking funds without having a backup plan if there is less visitors in the Games. The Olympic Games also will influence the population of the city about one or two months. The city will be crowded of traffic and interrupt the daily of the citizens due to many visitors. Besides that, when the country hosting the Olympic Games, everything must be near perfect such as the street must be clean and in good condition, the stadium must be neat, the hotels must have sufficient reservations for the visitors. This is all about money. However, the money from the visitors or tourists is not enough to support the wastage. Therefore, the country invests a large sum of money in order to keep the city or country clean and well present during the Olympic Games. If any problem occurs during the Olympic Games, the country has to waste money to fix it. Hosting Olympic Games brings disadvantages to the hosting country especially for poor countries because waste of resources with could for used for the welfare of citizens, corruptions, benefits to go to people in power and business but the poor suffer. Therefore, hosting Olympic Games are waste of resource and money. The money should used for more important things such as improving infrastructure, curing malaria and providing proper education for children and adults from poorer countries. A lots of money are spend on Olympic Games just to watch athletes participate in the Games, but the money can actually donate to the charities in order to helping people in the world. (Debate, 2013) Besides that, another negative impact is social impacts which are cumulative and a wide range of over space and time. Olympic Games may change the significant and the impact assessment become complicating due to the long lead times, dimension and natural of the event. The changes will affect the increasing in congestion, evictions, increasing in prices such as increasing in land rental value. The negative effect of Olympic Games comes from expenditures on transports infrastructure, facilities, housing, safety measures and maintenance in order to meet the requirements or demands of the International Olympic Committee and also to impress to the public. According in London, the total budget comes up to  £9.325 billion. This result estimates that the costs of Olympic Games are difficult tasks. This was result in the final budget was exceeded by  £5.906 billion of the projected budget from the bid in November 2004. Besides that, the expenditure of security had to double. At the same time, there has been twelve fold rises in the management fees by UK Parliament. Therefore, it has been claimed that spending is higher than expected which has been exceeded the positive impacts on economy of United Kingdom. (Merar, 2010-2013) Evidence was in Athens Olympic Games in 2004 was failed to motivate the economic growths due to lack of publicity or promotion and a large number of expenditures. According to Wang and Chen who said about the large amount of expenditure was about 12 million US dollars which is a big debt will be paid for about 10 years. The amount of expenditure was more than double of the budget. Besides that, the Olympic gymnasiums and facilities were not invested until 2000. Therefore the postponed construction led to large amount of costs and inefficiency. This result shows that Olympic Games indeed have a significant impact on the economic development of the host cities. (Bitstream, 2013) Besides that, evidence was showed that the United State government was investigated the BHP Billiton Ltd which is the world top mining company possible of corrupt practices and it was being one of the sponsorship of Beijing Olympics Games 2008. According to Fairfax reported that between 2000 until 2008, BHP Billiton Ltd spent millions of dollars on sponsorship deal of Olympic Games. Conclusion: As a conclusion, I would like to conclude that Olympic Games bring positive impacts and negative impacts to the hosting country that result show the Olympic Games are more than a sport because there are included in cultural, political and economic phenomena. Particularly interest to see Olympic as a tourism attraction, marketing opportunity, media event, the catalyst for urban renewal and development and also was the inspiration for youth and generating a force for peace and understanding of international as well. In fact, it can be said that there value-added, non mainly on sporting, roles which makes Olympic Games becomes unique at the international level and in order to continued survive probably depends on their continuing to play these roles. For example, according to Sir Roger Bannister (1988) who is the Olympic athlete first man to run a mile within four minutes and later became British Sport Minister was discussing about Olympic Games will moves towards the changes but still remain the greatest hopes of the world. Besides that, Olympic is in the deepest interests of the world of the future for them to be continuing. (Google Books) Furthermore, Olympic Games are much more than a show, the games are open to the world and the entire country has the opportunity to take part in numerous activities such as the marching of the flame throughout the country, cultural activities, educational projects and local volunteer services.

Transcendental And Anti Transcendental Movements Essay -- essays resea

Transcendental and Anti-Transcendental Movements During the New England Renaissance period of 1840-1855, literature underwent two very distinct movements known as Transcendentalism and Anti-Transcendentalism. Both movements were very influential and consisted of authors such as Ralph Waldo Emerson (Transcendentalist) and Nathaniel Hawthorne (Anti-Transcendentalist). Concentrating their ideas on human nature and intuition, rather than on logic and reason, both these movements served as a flourishing revolt against previously accepted ideas. The Transcendental movement focused its ideas on the essential unity of creation, the pure goodness of humanity and in individual intuition as the highest source of knowledge, rather than sensory experience. Optimism dominated people's thoughts and was shown in the ideas of the Transcendentalists. The Transcendentalists believed deeply in human potential and in the purity of Nature. Truth, they believed, was also reflected in Nature and how it made you feel, and Nature was a reflection of the beauty of human nature. They focused on the possibilities of the human spirit and the capability of it reaching the "Over Soul". The "Over Soul" is the so-called state in which all beings (Nature, God, and Humanity) are spiritually united. During this movement, individualism, self-reliance, and rejection of traditional authority were also highly st...

Advertising †the Main Cause of Unhealthy Eating Habits Essay

Nowadays, the advertisement is becoming so vast. Everybody in our society watching TV or searching additional information on internet and every day we meet with advertising. Generally, advertising plays an irreplaceable role in luring people to buy food and thus contributes to unhealthy eating habits. However, advertising is not the main purpose of these unhealthy eating habits. There are others factors to buy unhealthy eating habits, such as, increasing stress of work, less time for taking a good meal. Therefore I’m in disagreement with the statement. Firstly, people every time are in a fast rhythm of life, they hasten of their work at the morning, than searching a little period of time to have a lunch and after hardworking day they hasten to their homes to have a little rest, in this regard, coming home, they gorge on the night, which has also a very bad effect on the body. So some people gradually form a habit of eating a lot of food merely to stuff their stomach when they are not really hungry. This is something like a defense response of body. I believe, nowadays, people form bad eating habits partly owing to the hurry in their daily life. The second cause of malnutrition is a wrong concept of healthy eating. Many of the girls trying to be thin restrict themselves from sweet and calorie products, but also from the products that can actually be very healthy. Accordingly, one crucial cause of unhealthy eating habits is the wrong concept of beauty in modern society rather than advertisements. In conclusion, advertising is not the main cause of unhealthy eating habits. Working stress, wrong concept of beauty and lack of time for dinners also lead to unhealthy eating habits.

buy custom Konti IT UC essay

buy custom Konti IT UC essay In the recent times competition between organizations operating in the same field has highly increased. This is attributable to reduced barriers of entry, improved innovation, and invention among other notable factors. As a result of this, firms have been forced to employ various techniques to attract and retain customers, failure to which their profitability levels will drop (Hamilton and Feenstrat, 1998). As witnessed in 2008, during the global financial crises, many organizations had to close their shops due to reduced profitability levels. Consequently, unemployment levels in most parts of the globe have surged up. This has forced governments and other stakeholders to encourage young people to venture into alternative form of employment. Having undertaken an adequate training in the field of information technology, I strongly feel I have all skills required to start and sustain a business. The kind of organization I want to develop will be referred to as Konti IT UC. The firm will be based in Texas, United States, as this is a high potential market, especially for companies, which require such services. The organization will be a full service computer repair company with custom builds, IT management, and networking. The organization clients will be other companies in the country who require computer supplies and repairs, management, as well as networking. To ensure the organization runs properly, its mission and vision must be known. Konti IT UCs mission will be to become world class computer organization through provision of excellent facilities. The vision of the firm will be to provide excellent computer services to all clients, hence ensuring customer satisfaction (Clarke, 1991). The management of the firm will comprise the managing director, board of governors and the employees. The organization will hire its employees from the local communities as a part of corporate social responsibilities. The initial capital for the organization is less than $500,000, thus cannot sustain a large number of employees at the start-up stages. The organization is required to hire staff with excellent skills in computer applications and networking. The staff hired will be required to attend a training workshop to familiarize themselves with the products and services before handling the customers. This will ensure the clients will be satisfied with the organization service, hence Konti IT UC organizations will maximize the profit. Konti IT UC organization will provide different goods and services to their clients. Firstly, the organization will provide service to computers and servers of different companies, such as laptops and desktops as well as their accessories. Secondly, the organization will build custom systems for management and maintenance of the computers and servers supplied. Thirdly, the organization will design networks, install, and maintain them for companies. There are several staffing challenges, which will face the firm. One of the challenges is cash flow management in the company. The management needs to control the cash flow to ensure good running of the organization. First, it will be crucial to establish finance department as well as to employ a qualified accountant to handle the acounts department. The accountant will be required to give a summary of the income of the company as well as the expenses. This will help the management to understand whether the organization is running at a pro fit or at a loss (Norhria, 2009). The other challenge likely to hinder rapid expansion of the firm is hiring. Hiring people in a new organization is tedious and risky, since dedicated people are required to ensure the company stands. To deal with this challenge, the management of Konti IT UC will determine the roles, skills required, number of roles and then advertise the jobs in the media. Qualifications of the required staff will be analyzed properly and will be followed to ensure only qualified people are placed for the jobs. Similarly, the candidate will be required to have Information Technology skills as well as networking skills, since the organization will be dealing with IT equipments. For Konti IT UC organization to handle the employees properly, leadership dashboards will be developed in various business units. These leadership dashboards required include human resources, responsible for hiring activities among other notable duties. The HR department will compare talent data, hiring data as well as performance data of the people to be hired for the job. To ensure the staffs are trustworthy, the organization will develop a learning culture that will allow the employees to offer ideas on how to improve the organization. This will offer Konti IT UC organization to grow, hence maximize the profit margins of the company. The ideas offered by the employees will be implemented into the organization to improve the service and support of the clients. The other challenge, which may face Konti IT UC organization, is the problem in determining the customer behavior. This is as a result of generation gap in the environmental societies in the country. Konti IT UC organization is required to develop strong marketing strategies to improve their market in the region. To maximize the profits of Konti IT UC organization the management needs to enhance marketing strategies. One of the marketing strategies, which can be enhanced, is advertising. The company will require advertising their products to raise customer loyalty level. Some of the advertising methods that will be used are online advertising, use of billboards on the roads as well as media advertising. The online advertisement will involve social media sites such as linked in, Twitter and Facebook. The company will advertise their products and use the initial companies to testify their products. The second marketing strategy that can be used by Konti IT UC is regular promotion. The company will offer discount services to their clients to increase the number of clients. In addition, the firm will offer free repair services to its clients for the first three months. The third mark eting strategy to be employed by Konti IT UC is to lower the servicing of server and computer prices to client companies. However, the company services should offer high quality services so that the clients can have high confidence in our products. Organization plan development affects the company significance and development. The organization structure of Konti IT UC company will comprise of the managing director, finance, marketing and human resource. (Norhria, 2009) The managing director will handle the company operations. The finance department will ensure all the account operations are handled carefully. Likewise, it will ensure the company maximizes the profits and reduces the costs incurred by the company. The marketing department will determine the marketing strategies as well as market opportunities of their products in the country. Likewise, they will ensure promotions are done several times to attract customers. The human resource department will be responsible for promoting workforce for Konti IT UC organization. The department will ensure the workforce have the required skills for the designated jobs. Motivating managers and employees is a key skill required in every organization. During development of motivational skills, individual differences for the workers should be analyzed through interviews and questionnaires. There are several ways the firm will employ in order to motivate all employees The most crucial way to motivate my employees is by creating a healthy communication channel, thus ensuring that their challenges in workplace are handled in time. This way bureaucracy will be significantly reduced, hence enhancing quality delivery to our esteemed customers. Secondly, there will be an urgent need to integrate the views of all the employees, regardless of the position they occupy in the firm. As argued by Clarke (1991), this is a key ingredient of ensuring innovation and invention, as clearly seen in major international organizations, such as Apple Inc., Google Inc., and Coca Cola Company among others. In addition I will employ job rotation to the managers in different depa rtments to reduce performing repetitive tasks, thus giving them an opportunity to learn new skills (Mizruchi, 1994). In Konti IT UC organization human approach to managing will be employed, since this approach prepares the management to handle emerging issues adequately. Likewise, the approach provides value-oriented society as well as focusing on their movement. Mizruchi (1994) through human approach, it is easy for corporate leaders to manage employees in an organization. This way market share is significantly improved, hence maximizing the profits. This approach is enormously supported by critical assessment of human relations theory of management. This is due to the fact that human approach to the management builds the relationship between the employees and the managers, thus improving teamwork in the workplace. In conclusion, it is worth noting that Konti IT UC organization has a potential market, both in the domestic and international markets, such as India, China among others. This is due to the high quality service delivery to be offered to all our customers at a reduced price. This is owing to the fact that price will be a major differentiating factor between our firm and close competitors. To ensure short and long-term sustainability, the firm will adhere to the policies and rules of good corporate governance, a factor that will significantly attract all the potential investors. Buy custom Konti IT UC essay

Motifs in Movie Psycho Essays

Motifs in Movie Psycho Essays Motifs in Movie Psycho Paper Motifs in Movie Psycho Paper Motifs in Psycho In the film Psycho there are many reoccurring motifs such as birds, mirrors, and voyeurism, which are implemented by Hitchcock and often may be unnoticed by the viewer. Mirrors frequently appear throughout the movie, for example when the bathroom mirror reflects on the money Marion has taken. Probably the most noticed use of mirror is when Marions sister sees her reflection in two mirrors and is startled because she thinks someone is behind her. Voyeurism is also a reoccurring motif, not nly seeing characters spy on others, but also making the viewer feel like they are also the ones spying. This is seen when Norman, the owner of the hotel, begins to spy on Marion and then the camera view enters the view of Norman causing the viewer to feel like they are also spying on Marion. The most used motif by Hitchcock is reference to birds as the film opens in a birds eye view and then enters through an open window. There are also many references to birds in conversations between haracters like when Marion is told by Norman she eats like a bird. Norman also has a collection of birds in his parlor the mains ones being an owl and a hawk. The continuous reference to birds placed throughout the film help symbolize life and the aspect of predator and prey. The types of birds seen in Normans parlor and more predators which could suggest he is associated with the killer. Hitchcocks ability to implement various reoccurring motifs throughout his storyline helps suggest a deeper and in depth meaning to the film.

Knowledge and Skills for Managers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Knowledge and Skills for Managers - Essay Example First, because in both situations, managers head an organization that needs to exercise problem solving, logical thinking, technical knowledge, effective communication, reasonableness and understanding. Joane Fritz explains in an article entitled â€Å"What are the key characteristics of a non-profit organization† published in About.com in 2011, that non-profit organizations and private organizations may differ in their purpose when it comes to income distribution, but in either way, managers in both organizations are directly responsible to their stakeholders. Non-profit organizations are sometimes referred to as â€Å"non-stock† corporations and most often registered as a corporation, an individual enterprise, association, partnership or foundations. WEX article, entitled â€Å"Non-profit Organizations† published in Legal Information Institute of Cornell University Law School cited churches, public charities, public schools, public clinics and hospitals labor u nions, professional associations, research institutes, museums, and some governmental agencies as good examples of a non-profit organization. As compared to private organizations? the non-profit organization belongs to the public as no one person controls the organization. Its assets are assigned to the charitable, educational, literary, scientific or religious purposes of the organizations. Thus, a manager under this set up is guided by the principles of non -profit organization in pursuance of his duties. What makes the non-profit organization distinct from private organizations is their treatment of profit in the operation. Non-profit organization also derives profit from its operations but the profit does not go to the members of the board not even to its founders. In this manner, managers see to it that this policy is followed as he becomes accountable to donors of the organization. As a manner of control, managers are required to render financial accounting report to the Feder al State and government as non-profit organizations are entrusted with funds in accomplishing their mission. Working for a non-profit organization takes a lot of sacrifice. Fritz, in the same article previously cited, said the law requires that board of directors should not be compensated except for expenses for travel and for attending board meetings. Salaries of the five highest paid officers of the non-profit organization are also required to be declared, and that includes salaries of the manager. The manager, too, has to do a lot of corporate reporting aside from the Federal State through its annual income tax return. He is also controlled by the State Attorney’s General Office that makes it a point that non- profit organization follows the laws (Fritz, Joane. 2010). The â€Å"Basic Business Principles of Management† as explained by Raul Thadani in an article in Buzzle.com remain the same whether one is managing a big corporation, a small one and a non-profit organ ization. These basic principles do not isolate usage for non-profit organization and same rules and concepts are universally applied in every situation wherein management is deemed necessary. (Thadani, 2010) The managerial task Thadani of Buzzle.com in same article of Basic Management Principles outlined five basic management principles a manager should follow which I have explained below (Thadani 2010). The first step a manager does in a non-profit organization is to set the goals of the company or the activity to be done. Most often, this is expressed in the mission and vision statements established by the company and the realistic targets set by the managers. The duty of the manager here is to convey these goals to the employees so that